{"id":1914,"date":"2017-10-18T22:50:26","date_gmt":"2017-10-19T02:50:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/techrhet.com\/3213\/?page_id=1914"},"modified":"2020-05-08T20:29:34","modified_gmt":"2020-05-09T00:29:34","slug":"conciseness-strategies","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/techrhet.com\/3213\/notes\/conciseness-strategies\/","title":{"rendered":"Conciseness Strategies"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"stickmenu3\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 90%; padding: 5px 0;\">\n<div style=\"padding-bottom: 4px;\">ancillary matter: <a href=\"#intro\">intro<\/a> | <a href=\"#conciseness\">conciseness<\/a> | <a href=\"#sample\">sample sentences<\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 85%; padding-bottom: 5px;\">issues &amp; strategies: <a href=\"#fillers\">fillers<\/a> | <a href=\"#circumlocutions\">circumlocutions<\/a> | <a href=\"#canned\">canned phrases<\/a> | <a href=\"#starters\">starters<\/a> | <a href=\"#passive\">passive voice<\/a> | <a href=\"#nouning\">nouning<\/a> | <a href=\"#action\">weak verbs<\/a> | <a href=\"#obvious\">obviousness<\/a> | <a href=\"#repetition\">repetition\/redundancy<\/a> | <a href=\"#simple\">simple one-word verbs<\/a> | <a href=\"#fewer\">fewer words &amp; syllables<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: block; text-align: right; margin: 50px 3em 0;\"><span id=\"intro\" class=\"anchor\"> <\/span><span class=\"arrowtop\" style=\"font-size: 150%; opacity: 0.5;\"><a href=\"#top\">\u00a0<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<h3>Introduction \/ Overview<\/h3>\n<p>Unlike some other kinds of writing such as poetry or fiction, business writing is not an opportunity for self-expression. Instead it calls for a fairly conservative and unadorned style. Writing style, also known as voice or tone, is the manner in which a writer addresses the reader. It involves qualities of writing such as word choice (vocabulary and diction); grammar and syntax; sentence length, structure, and order (cohesion); and paragraph length, organization, and arrangement (coherence).<\/p>\n<p>There was a time when many business documents were written in third person to give them the impression of objectivity. This formal style was often passive, wordy, and loaded with empty phrases and unnecessarily complex words, perhaps to give them the impression of authority. Today, good business writing is clear, concise, correct, and courteous. Business writers aim for a readable, conversational style using plain English and active verbs.<\/p>\n<p>During the semester, this course material will present various strategies to improve the readability and clarity of your professional writing, loosely organized around achieving those objectives &#8212; clarity, concision, correctness, and courteousness. You&#8217;ve already read about courteousness (you-atttitude, reader-centered writing, courteous genre conventions, etc.), and in the future, you&#8217;ll read about clarity and correctness.<\/p>\n<p>Today, it&#8217;s all about being concise.<\/p>\n<div style=\"display: block; text-align: right; margin: 0 3em;\"><span id=\"conciseness\" class=\"anchor\"> <\/span><span class=\"arrowtop\" style=\"font-size: 150%; opacity: 0.5;\"><a href=\"#top\">\u2305<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<h3>Conciseness<\/h3>\n<p>Conciseness means getting rid of every word that serves no function. Concise writing:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"padding-bottom: 4px;\">gets to the point,<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-bottom: 4px;\">avoids unnecessary repetition and wordy expressions,<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-bottom: 4px;\">Includes only relevant facts (with courtesy), and<\/li>\n<li>uses everyday, conversational speech.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A concise message saves time and expense for both sender and receiver. Avoiding wordiness means using the fewest number of words possible to express your ideas. The benefits of being concise are<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"padding-bottom: 4px;\">the reader can see your main ideas easily the first time,<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-bottom: 4px;\">your main points stand out, and<\/li>\n<li>it saves time, effort, and money.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Conciseness in professional writing style <em><strong>doesn&#8217;t <\/strong><\/em>mean simply reducing the number of words or making a document shorter. It means eliminating <strong><em>unnecessary<\/em><\/strong> words. Words are unnecessary if they don&#8217;t contribute to your meaning, appeal to your audience (using a reader-centered approach), or help you accomplish your purpose.<\/p>\n<p>You&#8217;ll have to make conscious decisions about which words, details, and ideas are necessary (useful, beneficial, and rhetorical) and which are unnecessary (canned, counterproductive, and careless). Consider the sentences below.<\/p>\n<table class=\" aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: separate; margin-top: -15px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 30px;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 15px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\" width=\"50%\">Your tickets will arrive soon.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 15px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\" width=\"50%\">Your section 4, row 3, tickets will arrive by Fed Ex before noon tomorrow.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n<p>If you bought tickets to an event, what would you want to know? Which sentence would you prefer? Although the first sentence is shorter, the second includes information the reader is likely to want.<\/p>\n<p>For that reason, while this course material will focus on guidelines for concise writing, it&#8217;s your responsibility to decide whether individual sentences break and &#8220;rules,&#8221; whether information is important to the audience and your purpose, and ultimately, whether or not to revise to make those sentences more concise.<\/p>\n<p>Be meticulous. Examine every word and phrase, and make conscious rhetorical decisions about writing, revision, and editing.<\/p>\n<div style=\"display: block; text-align: right; margin: 0 3em;\"><span class=\"arrowtop\" style=\"font-size: 150%; opacity: 0.5;\"><a href=\"#top\">\u2305<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<h3>10 Conciseness Strategies:<\/h3>\n<div style=\"display: block; text-align: right; margin: 0 3em;\"><span id=\"fillers\" class=\"anchor\"> <\/span><span class=\"arrowtop\" style=\"font-size: 150%; opacity: 0.5;\"><a href=\"#top\">\u00a0<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 80%; padding-left: 15px; color: #ef9a9a; letter-spacing: 1px;\">CONCISENESS STRATEGY #1<\/div>\n<div style=\"border-radius: 5px; background: #FFF2F4; padding: 5px 15px; margin: 0 0 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 200%; border-bottom: 2px solid #BFBFBF; padding: 6px 0 12px;\">Remove Empty Fillers<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 110%; font-weight: 300; padding: 4px 0 1px 30px;\">get rid of the junk that&#8217;s weighing down your prose<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Writers sometimes clog up their prose with one or more extra words or phrases that seem to determine narrowly or to modify the meaning of a noun but don&#8217;t actually add to the meaning of the sentence. Although such words and phrases can be meaningful in the appropriate context, they are often used as &#8220;filler&#8221; and can easily be eliminated.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Avoid these common fillers: kind of, sort of, type of, really, basically, definitely, actually, generally&#8230;<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: separate; width: 96%; margin: -10px auto 0;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">WORDY<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">CONCISE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">Any <strong>particular type of<\/strong> dessert is fine with me.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">Any dessert is fine with me.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" rowspan=\"2\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">Balancing the budget by Friday is an impossibility without <strong>some kind of <\/strong>extra help.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">Balancing the budget by Friday is impossible without extra help.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">We need help to balance the budget by Friday.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\"><strong>For all intents and purposes<\/strong>, American industrial productivity <strong>generally<\/strong> depends on <strong>certain<\/strong> factors that are <strong>really<\/strong> more psychological <strong>in kind <\/strong>than of <strong>any given<\/strong> technological aspect.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">American industrial productivity depends more on psychological than on technological factors.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div style=\"display: block; text-align: right; margin: 0 3em;\"><span id=\"circumlocutions\" class=\"anchor\"> <\/span><span class=\"arrowtop\" style=\"font-size: 150%; opacity: 0.5;\"><a href=\"#top\">\u2305<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; width: 100%;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 80%; padding-left: 15px; color: #f48fb1; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 50px;\">CONCISENESS STRATEGY #2<\/div>\n<div style=\"border-radius: 5px; background: #FCE4EC; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 0 0 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 200%; border-bottom: 2px solid #BFBFBF; padding: 6px 0 12px;\">Avoid Circumlocutions<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 110%; font-weight: 300; padding-left: 30px; padding-top: 2px;\">use <em>words<\/em>; not <em>phrases<\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Circumlocution is using a phrase to convey meaning that could be presented in a single word. They are often roundabout expressions that take several words to say what could be said more succinctly. We often overlook them because many such expressions are habitual figures of speech. In writing, though, they should be avoided since they add extra words without extra meaning. Of course, occasionally you may for rhetorical effect decide to use, say, an expletive construction instead of a more succinct expression.<\/p>\n<p>In general and when possible, to avoid wordiness, convert phrases into single words.<\/p>\n<div style=\"float: left; width: 400px;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"padding-bottom: 4px;\"><em>in close proximity<\/em> = near<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-bottom: 4px;\"><em>despite the fact that<\/em> = although<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-bottom: 4px;\"><em>outside the realm of possibility <\/em>= impossible<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-bottom: 4px;\"><em>at this point in time <\/em>= now<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-bottom: 4px;\"><em>in accordance with your request <\/em>= as you requested<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-bottom: 4px;\"><em>is contingent upon <\/em>= depends<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-bottom: 4px;\"><em>subsequent to<\/em> = after<\/li>\n<li><em>aware of the fact<\/em> = know<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"float: right; width: 750px; margin-bottom: 30px;\">\n<table class=\" aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: separate; width: 100%;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 10px;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\" width=\"28%\">\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 the reason for<\/div>\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 due to the fact that<\/div>\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 in light of the fact that<\/div>\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 considering the fact that<\/div>\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 on the grounds that<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; font-size: 125%; padding-left: 5px !important; border-bottom: none;\" align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\" width=\"20%\">because, since, why<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; font-size: 125%; border-bottom: none;\" align=\"center\" width=\"2%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 10px;\" align=\"left\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\" width=\"28%\">\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 as regards<\/div>\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 in reference to<\/div>\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 with regard to<\/div>\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 concerning the matter of<\/div>\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 where ___ is concerned<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; font-size: 125%; padding-left: 5px !important; border-bottom: none;\" align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\" width=\"20%\">about<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 10px;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\" width=\"28%\">\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 it is crucial that<\/div>\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 it is necessary that<\/div>\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 it&#8217;s a necessity for<\/div>\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 it is important<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; font-size: 125%; padding-left: 5px !important; border-bottom: none;\" align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\" width=\"20%\">must, should<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none;\" align=\"center\" width=\"2%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 10px;\" align=\"left\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\" width=\"28%\">\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 is able to<\/div>\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 has the opportunity to<\/div>\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 has the capacity for<\/div>\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 has the ability to<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; font-size: 125%; padding-left: 5px !important; border-bottom: none;\" align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\" width=\"20%\">can<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 10px;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\" width=\"28%\">\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 there is a chance that<\/div>\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 is it possible that<\/div>\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 it could happen that<\/div>\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 the possibility exists for<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; font-size: 125%; padding-left: 5px !important; border-bottom: none;\" align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\" width=\"20%\">may, might, could<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; font-size: 125%; border-bottom: none;\" align=\"center\" width=\"2%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 10px;\" align=\"left\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\" width=\"28%\">\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 on the occasion of<\/div>\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 in a situation which<\/div>\n<div class=\"tablelist\">\u2022 under circumstances in which<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none;\" align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\" width=\"20%\">when<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: separate; width: 96%; margin: 30px auto 0;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">WORDY<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">CONCISE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">The <strong>employee with ambition\u2026<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">The ambitious employee\u2026<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">The department <strong>showing the best performance&#8230;<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">The best-performing department&#8230;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\"><strong>Following the presentation<\/strong> of his speech\u2026<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">After his speech\u2026<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">The report, <strong>which was released recently&#8230;<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">The recently released report&#8230;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">All applicants <strong>who are interested in the job <\/strong>must&#8230;<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">All job applicants must&#8230;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">The system <strong>that is most efficient and accurate&#8230;<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">The most efficient and accurate system&#8230;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div style=\"display: block; text-align: right; margin: 0 3em;\"><span id=\"canned\" class=\"anchor\"> <\/span><span class=\"arrowtop\" style=\"font-size: 150%; opacity: 0.5;\"><a href=\"#top\">\u2305<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; width: 100%;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 80%; padding-left: 15px; color: #c198da; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 50px;\">CONCISENESS STRATEGY #3<\/div>\n<div style=\"border-radius: 5px; background: #f0e6f6; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 0 0 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 200%; border-bottom: 2px solid #BFBFBF; padding: 6px 0 12px;\">Avoid Canned Phrases, Bureaucratic-speak, and Business-ese<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 110%; font-weight: 300; padding-left: 30px; padding-top: 2px;\">canned phrases are stale and full of filler<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Effective business writing avoids bureaucratic language and phrases that are the hallmark of decoration. Decoration is a reflection of ritual, and ritual has its role. If you are the student body president and want to make a resolution declaring October 15th &#8220;FAU Founder&#8217;s Day&#8221; in honor of Tom Fleming, you might the declaration with \u201cWhereas\u201d because of the document&#8217;s ritual importance. Similarly, if you are writing a legal document, tradition calls for certain standard phrases such as <a href=\"http:\/\/www.adamsdrafting.com\/know-all-men-by-these-presents\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u201cknow all men by these presents.\u201d<\/a><\/p>\n<p>However, in standard business writing, it is best to refrain from using bureaucratic phrases and ritualistic words that decorate and distract the reader from your clear, essential meaning. If the customer, client, or supplier does not understand the message the first time, each follow-up attempt to clarify costs time, money, and effort.<\/p>\n<table style=\"margin: 0 auto 15px;\" border=\"0\" width=\"90%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"3\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"35%\"><span style=\"font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300;\">Bureaucratic (Canned) Phrase<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"65%\"><span style=\"font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300;\">Plain English Alternative<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"35%\">At the present time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"65%\">Now, today<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"35%\">Concerning the matter of<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"65%\">Regarding, about<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"35%\">Despite the fact that<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"65%\">Although, while, even though<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"35%\">Due to the fact that<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"65%\">Because, since, as<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"35%\">Implement an investigation of<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"65%\">Find out, investigate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"35%\">Inasmuch as<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"65%\">Because, since, as<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"35%\">It has been suggested<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"65%\">[name of person or organization] has suggested, said, or stated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"35%\">It is believed that<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"65%\">[name of person or organization] believes, thinks, or says that<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"35%\">It is the opinion of the author<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"65%\">I believe, I think, in my opinion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"35%\">Until such time as<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"65%\">Until, when<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"35%\">With the exception of<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" width=\"65%\">Except, apart from<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div style=\"display: block; text-align: right; margin: 0 3em;\"><span id=\"starters\" class=\"anchor\"> <\/span><span class=\"arrowtop\" style=\"font-size: 150%; opacity: 0.5;\"><a href=\"#top\">\u2305<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; width: 100%;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 80%; padding-left: 15px; color: #9fa8da; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 50px;\">CONCISENESS STRATEGY #4<\/div>\n<div style=\"border-radius: 5px; background: #E8EAF6; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 0 0 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 200%; border-bottom: 2px solid #BFBFBF; padding: 6px 0 12px;\">Eliminate Unnecessary Sentence Starters &amp; Clause Starters<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 110%; font-weight: 300; padding-left: 30px; padding-top: 2px;\">get rid of <em>&#8220;it is&#8221;<\/em> and <em>&#8220;there is\/are&#8221;<\/em>&#8230; and their variants\/forms<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Avoid weak sentence starters <em><strong>it + be-verb<\/strong><\/em> (it is, it was) and <em><strong>there + be-verb<\/strong><\/em> (there is, there was, there were.) In most cases, you can create a more concise sentence by replacing weak sentence starters with the subject of the sentence.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: separate; width: 96%; margin: -0.8em auto 15px;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">WORDY<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">CONCISE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\"><strong>It is<\/strong> the governor who signs or vetoes bills.<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">The governor signs or vetoes bills.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\"><strong>It is<\/strong> the truth that will prevail, he argued.<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">The truth will prevail, he argued.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\"><strong>There are<\/strong> four rules that should be observed. They are \u2026<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">The four rules we should observe are\u2026<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\"><strong>There are <\/strong>two volunteers who will help us. They are Mike and Sharon.<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">The two volunteers are Mike and Sharon.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\"><strong>There was<\/strong> a big explosion, which shook the windows, and people ran into the street.<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">A big explosion shook the windows, and people ran into the street.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\"><strong>There has been<\/strong> talk on Wall Street about changes in the market.<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">Wall Street is talking about changes in the market.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\"><strong>There have been<\/strong> many events that have influenced the stock market.<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">Many events (have) influenced the stock market.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\">Sometimes there is\/there are can be effective for emphasis in some situations, but don&#8217;t overuse them. Take the following example: &#8220;It is imperative that we find a solution.&#8221; The same meaning could be expressed with this more succinct wording: &#8220;We must find a solution.&#8221; But using the expletive construction allows the writer to emphasize the urgency of the situation by placing the word imperative near the beginning of the sentence, so the version with the expletive may be preferable.<\/p>\n<div style=\"display: block; text-align: right; margin: 0 3em;\"><span id=\"passive\" class=\"anchor\"> <\/span><span class=\"arrowtop\" style=\"font-size: 150%; opacity: 0.5;\"><a href=\"#top\">\u2305<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; width: 100%;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 80%; padding-left: 15px; color: #89cffa; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 50px;\">CONCISENESS STRATEGY #5<\/div>\n<div style=\"border-radius: 5px; background: #e2f4fe; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 0 0 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 200%; border-bottom: 2px solid #BFBFBF; padding: 6px 0 12px;\">Avoid Passive Voice in Positive, Neutral, and Informational Contexts<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 110%; font-weight: 300; padding-left: 30px; padding-top: 2px;\">choose active voice when communicating positive, neutral, and informational messages<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>In negative situations or contexts where you need to demphasize responsibility or otherwise employ a reader-centered approach to communication, use passive voice. In positive or neutral situations, generally, you should aim to write in active voice.<\/p>\n<p>In the active voice, the subject of the sentence acts upon something or someone. In the passive voice, the subject is acted upon. Active voice is more direct, easier to understand, and more concise. For more information, see <a href=\"https:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\/owl\/owlprint\/539\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Purdue University&#8217;s Active and Passive Voice handout<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mclean-ch06_s02_s04_p01\">Usually, active voice is more engaging.Which sentence sounds better to you?<\/p>\n<ol type=\"A\">\n<li style=\"padding-bottom: 7px;\">All sales orders are processed daily by Mackenzie.<\/li>\n<li>Mackenzie processes all sales orders daily.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Most readers prefer sentence B, but why? You\u2019ll recall that all sentences have a subject and a verb, but you may not have paid much attention to their functions. Let\u2019s look at how the subject and verb function in these two sentences. In sentence A, the subject is \u201cMackenzie,\u201d and the subject is the doer of the action expressed by the verb (processes). In sentence A, the subject is \u201csales orders,\u201d and the subject is the receiver of the action expressed by the verb (are processed). Sentence A is written in active voice\u2014a sentence structure in which the subject carries out the action. Sentence B is written in passive voice\u2014a sentence structure in which the subject receives the action.<\/p>\n<p>Active sentences tend to be shorter, more precise, and easier to understand. This is especially true because passive sentences can be written in ways that do not tell the reader who the doer of the action is. For example, \u201cAll sales orders are processed daily\u201d is a complete and correct sentence in passive voice.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mclean-ch06_s02_s04_p04\">Active voice is the clear choice for a variety of contexts, but not all. When you want to deemphasize the doer of the action, you may write, \u201cTen late arrivals were recorded this month\u201d and not even mention who was late. The passive form doesn\u2019t place blame or credit, so it can be more diplomatic in some contexts. Passive voice allows the writer to avoid personal references or personal pronouns (he, she, they) to create a more objective tone. There are also situations where the doer of the action is unknown, as in \u201cgraffiti was painted on the side of our building last night.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Business communication resources tend to recommend active voice as the preferred style. Still, the styles themselves are not the problem or challenge, but it is how we use them that matters. A skilled business writer will see both styles as options within a range of choices and learn to distinguish when each style is most appropriate to facilitate communication.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: separate; width: 96%; margin: -0.8em auto 0;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">ACTIVE<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">PASSIVE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">The report <strong>was approved by the manager.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">The manager approved the report.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">Your application <strong>is being reviewed.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">We&#8217;re reviewing your application.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">An account <strong>was opened by Ms. Simms.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">Ms. Simms opened an account.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">Your figures <strong>were checked by the research department.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: none; padding-left: 15px;\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">The research department checked your figures.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div style=\"display: block; text-align: right; margin: 0 3em;\"><span id=\"nouning\" class=\"anchor\"> <\/span><span class=\"arrowtop\" style=\"font-size: 150%; opacity: 0.5;\"><a href=\"#top\">\u2305<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; width: 100%;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 80%; padding-left: 15px; color: #80deea; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 50px;\">CONCISENESS STRATEGY #6<\/div>\n<div style=\"border-radius: 5px; background: #E0F7FA; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 0 0 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 200%; border-bottom: 2px solid #BFBFBF; padding: 6px 0 12px;\">Avoid Nouning<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 110%; font-weight: 300; padding-left: 30px; padding-top: 2px;\">use <em>verbs<\/em>; not <em>nouns<\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>To write clearer, more concise sentences, when possible, use verbs instead of nouns.<\/p>\n<p>In other words, avoid &#8220;nouning&#8221; (sometimes called <em>verbal nouns<\/em>, <em>gerunds<\/em>, <em>nominalizations<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Helen Sword calls them <a href=\"http:\/\/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com\/2012\/07\/23\/zombie-nouns\/?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">&#8220;Zombie Nouns&#8221; in a piece for the New York Times:<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"pg-qt2\" style=\"margin-bottom: 1.2em;\">\n<p>Take an adjective (<em>implacable<\/em>) or a verb (<em>calibrate<\/em>) or even another noun (<em>crony<\/em>) and add a suffix like <em>ity<\/em>, <em>tion<\/em> or <em>ism<\/em>. You\u2019ve created a new noun: <em>implacability<\/em>, <em>calibration<\/em>, <em>cronyism<\/em>. Sounds impressive, right? Nouns formed from other parts of speech are called nominalizations. Academics love them; so do lawyers, bureaucrats and business writers. I call them \u201czombie nouns\u201d because they cannibalize active verbs, suck the lifeblood from adjectives and substitute abstract entities for human beings:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; font-weight: 400; font-family: 'Roboto';\">The <em>proliferation<\/em> of <em>nominalizations<\/em> in a discursive <em>formation<\/em> may be an <em>indication<\/em> of a <em>tendency<\/em> toward <em>pomposity<\/em> and <em>abstraction<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>The sentence above contains no fewer than seven nominalizations, each formed from a verb or an adjective. Yet it fails to tell us <em>who<\/em> is doing <em>what<\/em>. When we eliminate or reanimate most of the zombie nouns (<em>tendency<\/em> becomes <em>tend<\/em>, <em>abstraction<\/em> becomes <em>abstract<\/em>) and add a human subject and some active verbs, the sentence springs back to life:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; font-weight: 400; font-family: 'Roboto';\">Writers who overload their sentences with nominalizations tend to sound pompous and abstract.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0em;\">Only one zombie noun \u2013 the key word <em>nominalizations<\/em> \u2013 has been allowed to remain standing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Business writing <em>should<\/em> be clear and concise, but nouning usually obscures meaning by converting verbs into nouns with the addition of suffixes like: -ant,-ent, -ion, -tion, -sion, -ence, -ance, and ing. Instead of hiding meaning within the phrase \u201cthrough the consolidation of,\u201d(who or what is doing the consolidation?) consider whether to use the verb forms \u201cconsolidated\u201d or \u201cconsolidating.\u201d Similarly, instead of \u201cthe inclusion of,\u201d consider using \u201cincluding,\u201d to make the sentence clearer, more active, and vigorous.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: separate; width: 96%; margin: -0.8em auto 0;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">WORDY<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">CONCISE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">Sam <strong>did research<\/strong> on the issue last year.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">Sam researched the issue last year.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">The <strong>function of<\/strong> this department is <strong>the collection of <\/strong>accounts.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">This department collects accounts.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\"><strong>The current focus of <\/strong>the medical profession is disease prevention.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">The medical profession currently focuses on disease prevention.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">You must <strong>perform an assessment <\/strong>of the policy.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">You must assess the policy.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">I will <strong>give<\/strong> the manger a briefing.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">I will brief the new manager.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">They <strong>made<\/strong> a visit to the main office and <strong>had<\/strong> a meeting with the manger.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">They visited the main office and met with the manager.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">We must conduct an <strong>investigation<\/strong> of all parking violations before we can give <strong>consideration<\/strong> to your fine.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">We must investigate all parking violations before we can consider your fine.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div style=\"display: block; text-align: right; margin: 0 3em;\"><span id=\"action\" class=\"anchor\"> <\/span><span class=\"arrowtop\" style=\"font-size: 150%; opacity: 0.5;\"><a href=\"#top\">\u2305<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; width: 100%;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 80%; padding-left: 15px; color: #80cbc4; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 50px;\">CONCISENESS STRATEGY #7<\/div>\n<div style=\"border-radius: 5px; background: #E0F2F1; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 0 0 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 200%; border-bottom: 2px solid #BFBFBF; padding: 6px 0 12px;\">Avoid Weak Verbs (Use Action\/Active Verbs)<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 110%; font-weight: 300; padding-left: 30px; padding-top: 2px;\">subject <em>does<\/em>; not subject <em>is<\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Verbs tell what a person is or does. Don&#8217;t turn &#8220;does&#8221; action verbs into &#8220;is&#8221; be-verbs: <em>be, being, been, am, is, was<\/em>, and <em> were.<\/em> Action verbs energize a sentence without adding clutter.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: separate; width: 96%; margin: -0.8em auto 0;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">WORDY<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">CONCISE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">Jones is opposed to the procedure.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">Jones opposes the procedure.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">We are in agreement.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">We agree.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\"><strong>Our decision is dependent on accurate info.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">Our decision depends on accurate info.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div style=\"display: block; text-align: right; margin: 0 3em;\"><span id=\"obvious\" class=\"anchor\"> <\/span><span class=\"arrowtop\" style=\"font-size: 150%; opacity: 0.5;\"><a href=\"#top\">\u2305<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; width: 100%;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 80%; padding-left: 15px; color: #b5dca6; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 50px;\">CONCISENESS STRATEGY #8<\/div>\n<div style=\"border-radius: 5px; background: #edf7e9; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 0 0 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 200%; border-bottom: 2px solid #BFBFBF; padding: 6px 0 12px;\">Avoid Explaining the Obvious and Excess Detail<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 110%; font-weight: 300; padding-left: 30px; padding-top: 2px;\">Sentences with obvious detail are wordy and insulting.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Sentences with obvious detail are wordy and insulting. Notice how this 15-word sentence can be cut to a clearer sentence of just 4 words:<\/p>\n<table style=\"margin-bottom: 1.5em;\" border=\"0\" width=\"96%\" cellspacing=\"5\" cellpadding=\"5\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"4\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab';\">I will be graduating at the end of the fall semester of the year 2018.<\/span> (15 words)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\" width=\"24%\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab';\">I <span style=\"text-decoration: line-through;\">will be<\/span> graduat<span style=\"text-decoration: line-through;\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" width=\"24%\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab';\"><span style=\"text-decoration: line-through;\">at the end<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" width=\"24%\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab';\"><span style=\"text-decoration: line-through;\">of the<\/span> fall <span style=\"text-decoration: line-through;\">semester<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" width=\"24%\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab';\"><span style=\"text-decoration: line-through;\">of the year<\/span> 2018<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><em>delete future tense since &#8220;graduate&#8221; is a future action<\/em><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\"><em>no one graduates at the start of a semester<\/em><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\"><em>we know fall is a &#8220;semester&#8221;<\/em><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\"><em>we know 2018 is a &#8220;year&#8221;<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"4\"><span style=\"font-size: 17px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab';\">I graduate fall 2018.<\/span> (4 words)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>If you find phrases and sentences that explain what is obvious to the reader, delete or reword them.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: separate; width: 96%; margin: -0.8em auto 0;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">WORDY<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">CONCISE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\"><strong>As I just mentioned<\/strong>, Barklay&#8217;s carries eight kinds of cooking oils.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">(delete. as you said, you just mentioned this info)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" rowspan=\"2\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">She gave me a <strong>warm and friendly <\/strong>smile.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">She gave me a friendly smile.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">She smiled warmly at me.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">Please <strong>feel free<\/strong> to call us.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">Please call us.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div style=\"display: block; text-align: right; margin: 0 3em;\"><span id=\"repetition\" class=\"anchor\"> <\/span><span class=\"arrowtop\" style=\"font-size: 150%; opacity: 0.5;\"><a href=\"#top\">\u2305<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; width: 100%;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 80%; padding-left: 15px; color: #fff59d; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 50px; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #616161;\">CONCISENESS STRATEGY #9<\/div>\n<div style=\"border-radius: 5px; background: #FFFDE7; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 0 0 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 200%; border-bottom: 2px solid #BFBFBF; padding: 6px 0 12px;\">Avoid Repetition (and Redundancy!)<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 110%; font-weight: 300; padding-left: 30px; padding-top: 2px;\">Writing is redundant when it repeats or presents no useful info.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding-bottom: 10px;\">Look at these examples:<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding-left: 30px; padding-bottom: 10px;\">He shrugged <strong><u>his shoulders<\/u><\/strong> (you can only &#8220;shrug&#8221; shoulders)<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding-left: 30px; padding-bottom: 10px;\">The mayor sent me a <strong><u>free complementary <\/u><\/strong>ticket. (both mean &#8220;free&#8221;)<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The vase <strong><u>dropped down<\/u><\/strong>. (&#8220;drop&#8221; means downward \u2013 you can&#8217;t drop &#8220;up&#8221;)<\/div>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: separate; width: 96%; margin: 1em auto 0;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">WORDY<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">CONCISE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">Please send your <strong>findings and conclusions<\/strong> by Friday.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">Please send your findings by Friday. (&#8220;findings&#8221; and &#8220;conclusions&#8221; mean the same thing)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" rowspan=\"2\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">The supervisor must approve the <strong>revised changes.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">The supervisor must approve the revisions.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">The supervisor must approve the changes. (&#8220;revised&#8221; means changes.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">During that <strong>time period, <\/strong>many <strong>car<\/strong> buyers preferred cars <strong>that were<\/strong> pink <strong>in color<\/strong> and shiny <strong>in appearance.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">During that period, many car buyers preferred pink, shiny cars.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">The microscope revealed a group of organisms <strong>that were <\/strong>round <strong>in shape<\/strong> and peculiar <strong>in nature.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">The microscope revealed a group of peculiar, round organisms.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h5>Redundant Pairs<\/h5>\n<div class=\"boxright\" style=\"width: 30%; padding: 2px 20px; line-height: 1.5em;\">\n<div class=\"larger\" style=\"padding-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; font-size: 135%;\">PLEONASM [pl\u0113\u2032\u0259-n\u0103z\u2032\u0259m]<\/div>\n<p><strong>Pleonasm<\/strong> (from Greek <em> pleon <\/em>meaning &#8220;more, too much&#8221;) is the use of more words or parts of words than is necessary for clear expression: examples are black darkness, or burning fire, or A malignant cancer is a pleonasm for a neoplasm. (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pleonasm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wikipedia<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Many pairs of words imply each other. <em>Finish<\/em> implies <em>complete<\/em>, so the phrase <em>completely finish<\/em> is redundant in most cases. So are <a href=\"http:\/\/grammar.about.com\/od\/words\/a\/redundancies.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">many other pairs of words<\/a>:<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: separate; width: 60%; margin: -0.8em auto 0; display: inline-block;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"5\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">past memories<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">advanced planning<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">various differences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">final outcome<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">true facts<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">terrible tragedy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">free gift<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">past history<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">unexpected surprise<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">sudden crisis<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">collect together<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">personal opinion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">contributing factor<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">perfectly clear<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">absolutely essential<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">basic fundamentals<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">end result<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">joint cooperation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">completely eliminate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">exact same<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 10px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">advance notice<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h5>Redundant Categories<\/h5>\n<p>Specific words imply their general categories, so we usually don&#8217;t have to state both. We know that a period is a segment of time, that pink is a color, that shiny is an appearance. In each of the following phrases, the general category term can be dropped, leaving just the specific descriptive word:<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: separate; width: 98%; margin: -0.8em auto 0;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"5\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 5px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">large in size<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 5px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">often times<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 5px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">of a bright color<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 5px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">in a confused state<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 5px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">heavy in weight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 5px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">period in time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 5px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">round in shape<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 5px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">at an early time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 5px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">extreme in degree<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 5px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">unusual in nature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 5px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">many in number<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 5px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">of cheap quality<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 5px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">honest in character<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 5px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">at a late hour<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3px 5px; border-bottom: none; width: 20%; text-align: center;\">of uncertain condition<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h5 style=\"margin-top:20px;\">Other Redundancies<\/h5>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: separate; width: 96%; margin: 1em auto 0;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">WORDY \/ REDUNDANT<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">MORE CONCISE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td  style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">Registration opens in <strong>the month of August<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td  style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">Registration opens in August<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td  style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">Appointments are available between <strong>the hours of 9am and 4pm<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td  style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">Appointments are available between 9am and 4pm.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td  style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">Pick up your order <strong>any time<\/strong> between <strong>noon and 5pm<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td  style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">Pick up your order between noon and 5pm.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td  style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">You may use homework passes between <strong>the days of May 1 and May 15<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td  style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">You may use homework passes from May 1 \u2013 15.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div style=\"display: block; text-align: right; margin: 0 3em;\"><span id=\"simple\" class=\"anchor\"> <\/span><span class=\"arrowtop\" style=\"font-size: 150%; opacity: 0.5;\"><a href=\"#top\">\u2305<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; width: 100%;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 80%; padding-left: 15px; color: #ffcc80; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 50px;\">CONCISENESS STRATEGY #10<\/div>\n<div style=\"border-radius: 5px; background: #FFF3E0; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 0 0 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 200%; border-bottom: 2px solid #BFBFBF; padding: 6px 0 12px;\">Write Simple One-Word Verbs (When Possible)<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 110%; font-weight: 300; padding-left: 30px; padding-top: 2px;\">write in the present tense (avoiding <em>will<\/em> and <em>would<\/em>); avoid participles and modals if you can express yourself in simple tense<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: separate; width: 96%; margin: -0.8em auto 0;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">WORDY<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">CONCISE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">When I was a child, I <strong>would go<\/strong> to the movies with my brother every Tuesday.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">I <strong><u>went<\/u><\/strong> to the movies with my brother every Tuesday.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">A good writer <strong>should choose <\/strong>words carefully.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">A good writer <strong><u>chooses<\/u><\/strong> words carefully.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">Effective writers <strong>must be<\/strong> polite. They will try to return messages quickly.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">Effective writers <u><strong>are<\/strong><\/u> polite. They <u><strong>return<\/strong><\/u> messages quickly.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div style=\"display: block; text-align: right; margin: 0 3em;\"><span id=\"fewer\" class=\"anchor\"> <\/span><span class=\"arrowtop\" style=\"font-size: 150%; opacity: 0.5;\"><a href=\"#top\">\u2305<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; width: 100%;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 80%; padding-left: 15px; color: #ffab91; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 50px;\">CONCISENESS STRATEGY #11<\/div>\n<div style=\"border-radius: 5px; background: #FBE9E7; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 0 0 20px;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 200%; border-bottom: 2px solid #BFBFBF; padding: 6px 0 12px;\">Use Fewer Words &amp; Fewer Syllables<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 110%; font-weight: 300; padding-left: 30px; padding-top: 2px;\">in general, use fewer words with fewer syllables; avoid long, complex, and\/or less familiar words and instead, use short, simple, common language<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 50%; float: left;\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: separate; width: 400px; margin: -0.8em auto 0;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">INSTEAD OF<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-weight: 300; padding: 0;\">REVISE TO<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">demonstrate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">show<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">endeavor<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">effort, try,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">is contingent upon<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">depends on<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">subsequent to<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">after<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">utilize<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">use<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">the majority of<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">most<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">in close proximity<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">depends on<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">is contingent upon<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">near<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">expenditure<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">price, cost, expense<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">as well as<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#FFF2F4\">in addition to<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 5px 10px; border-bottom: none;\" bgcolor=\"#F0F8F0\">and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 49%; float: right;\">\n<div style=\"float: right; border: 2px solid #9FCED4; border-radius: 10px; background-color: #f0fbfd; padding: 10px 15px; box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px #999999; margin: 30px 20px 20px 10px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 150%; letter-spacing: 0.0425em; border-bottom: 1px dotted #318F9B; color: #318f9b; font-weight: 400; padding-bottom: 8px; text-align: center; padding-top: 8px;\">More on Conciseness in Professional Writing<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding-right: 30px;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.6em;\">\n<li style=\"padding-bottom: 6px;\"><a class=\"hglt\" href=\"https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/style\/wordiness_redundancy.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wordiness &amp; Redundancy<\/a>, from David McMurrey, Professor and Coordinator of the Business &amp; Technical Communications Program at Austin Community College<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-bottom: 6px;\"><a class=\"hglt\" href=\"http:\/\/web.ku.edu\/~edit\/concise.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Conciseness: Three Practices<\/a>, from Malcolm Gibson, Journalist and Professor at Kansas University<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"hglt\" href=\"http:\/\/www2.ivcc.edu\/rambo\/eng1001\/conciseness.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Revising Sentences for Conciseness<\/a>, from R. Rambo, English Instructor at Illinois Valley Community College<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"display: block; text-align: right; margin: 0 3em;\"><span id=\"sample\" class=\"anchor\"> <\/span><span class=\"arrowtop\" style=\"font-size: 150%; opacity: 0.5;\"><a href=\"#top\">\u2305<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 20px;\">Sample Sentence Revisions for Conciseness<\/h3>\n<div style=\"background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #e0e0e0 0%,#ffffff 100%); font-weight: 300; font-size: 120%; padding: 4px 10px 10px; color: #216369; letter-spacing: 0.02em; margin-bottom: 5px;\">Hover for sample sentence revision.<\/div>\n<p class=\"exinputtext\" style=\"margin-top: 30px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 140%;\">EX1. Some sort of identification that would prove I was an FAU student was requested of me by the woman who sells tickets to exhibitions at the Ritter Art Gallery.<\/p>\n<div class=\"exinput-container\">\n<div class=\"exinput-text\">REVISION<\/div>\n<div class=\"exinput\">The Ritter Art Gallery clerk asked to see my FAU student ID.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"exinputtext\" style=\"margin-top: 50px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 140%;\">EX2. There is no one who is better qualified to lead the project than you.<\/p>\n<div class=\"exinput-container\">\n<div class=\"exinput-text\">REVISION<\/div>\n<div class=\"exinput\">You are best qualified to lead the project.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"exinputtext\" style=\"margin-top: 50px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 140%;\">EX3. Our office lunch order was called in by Annie Smith who is our company\u2019s on-site qualified specialist in nutrition.<\/p>\n<div class=\"exinput-container\">\n<div class=\"exinput-text\">REVISION<\/div>\n<div class=\"exinput\">\n<div>Annie Smith, our company&#8217;s nutritionist, called in our lunch order.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"exinputtext\" style=\"margin-top: 50px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 140%;\">EX4. Many factors are considerations in my decision to assign extra homework that students are required to complete outside of class.<\/p>\n<div class=\"exinput-container\">\n<div class=\"exinput-text\">REVISION<\/div>\n<div class=\"exinput\">I consider many factors before assigning extra homework.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"exinputtext\" style=\"margin-top: 50px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 140%;\">EX5. We provide assistance to high school senior students in the process of reaching a decision about where to submit applications for admission to various post-secondary institutions..<\/p>\n<div class=\"exinput-container\">\n<div class=\"exinput-text\">REVISION<\/div>\n<div class=\"exinput\" style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\">\n<div>We help seniors decide where to submit college applications.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"height: 525px;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 300px; margin: 2px auto; opacity: 0.3;\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"margin: 0px auto;\" src=\"http:\/\/rhetoricandwriting.com\/3213-F15\/cc-fair-use-350px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"75\" \/><\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 300px; margin: 2px auto; font-size: 85%; text-align: justify; line-height: 125%; opacity: 0.5;\">Portions of this course material are adapted from and supplemented with materials licensed under <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-NC-SA 3.0<\/a> and materials available under 1996 Fair Use Guidelines for Educational Multimedia courtesy of Andy Schmitz&#8217;s Creative Commons Book Archive and the University of Hawai&#8217;i.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>ancillary matter: intro | conciseness | sample sentences issues &amp; strategies: fillers | circumlocutions | canned phrases | starters | passive voice | nouning | weak verbs | obviousness | repetition\/redundancy | simple one-word verbs | fewer words &amp; syllables \u00a0 Introduction \/ Overview Unlike some other kinds of writing such as poetry or fiction, <a href='https:\/\/techrhet.com\/3213\/notes\/conciseness-strategies\/' class='excerpt-more'>[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":205,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"no-sidebars.php","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/techrhet.com\/3213\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1914"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/techrhet.com\/3213\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/techrhet.com\/3213\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/techrhet.com\/3213\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/techrhet.com\/3213\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1914"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/techrhet.com\/3213\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1914\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4343,"href":"https:\/\/techrhet.com\/3213\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1914\/revisions\/4343"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/techrhet.com\/3213\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/205"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/techrhet.com\/3213\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1914"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}